Let's call $S$ the (infinite) string that is made by concatenating the consecutive positive integers (starting from $1$) written down in base $10$.
Thus, $S=1234567891011121314151617181920212223242\cdots$

It's easy to see that any number will show up an infinite number of times in $S$.

Let's call $f(n)$ the starting position of the $n$^th occurrence of $n$ in $S$.
For example, $f(1)=1$, $f(5)=81$, $f(12)=271$ and $f(7780)=111111365$.

Find $\sum f(3^k)$ for $1\le k\le 13$.